Lecture 4:- Programming Fundamentals

Let's create a simple "Hello, World!" program in C++. If you don't have a C++ compiler installed, you can install one like GCC (GNU Compiler Collection) for your operating system.

Follow these steps to create your first C++ program:

Step 1: Open a text editor or an integrated development environment (IDE) to write your code. For example, you can use Notepad++, Visual Studio Code, Dev-C++, or any other code editor of your choice.

Step 2: Write the following code:

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#include <iostream> int main() {    std::cout << "Hello, World!" << std::endl;    return 0; }

Step 3: Save the file with a .cpp extension, for example, "hello_world.cpp".

Step 4: Open a terminal or command prompt, navigate to the directory where you saved the file, and compile the C++ program using a C++ compiler like GCC:

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g++ hello_world.cpp -o hello_world

This command will generate an executable file named "hello_world" in the same directory.

Step 5: Run the compiled program:

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./hello_world

You should see the output "Hello, World!" displayed on the screen.

Congratulations! You've just created and executed your first C++ program.

Now, let's explore some more concepts in C++:

1. Variables: C++ allows you to declare variables to store data. For example:

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int age = 30; double pi = 3.14159;

1. Conditional statements: You can use if-else statements to make decisions in your code based on certain conditions. For example:

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if (age >= 18) {    std::cout << "You are an adult." << std::endl; } else {    std::cout << "You are a minor." << std::endl; }

1. Loops: C++ offers "for" and "while" loops for repetitive tasks. For example:

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// Using a for loop to print numbers from 1 to 5 for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {    std::cout << i << std::endl; } // Using a while loop to print numbers from 1 to 5 int i = 1; while (i <= 5) {    std::cout << i << std::endl;    i++; }

1. Functions: You can define functions in C++ to encapsulate blocks of code for reusability. For example:

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int add_numbers(int a, int b) {    return a + b; } int result = add_numbers(3, 5); std::cout << result << std::endl;  // Output: 8

These are some of the basic concepts in C++ programming. As you progress, you can explore more advanced topics like pointers, arrays, classes, templates, and more.

Remember to experiment, practice coding, and work on various programming challenges to improve your C++ skills. Happy coding!